The financial crisis of 2007 showed that the impact of financial markets on macroeconomic developments is so considerable. One of the important markets affected by financial variables, is the labor market. This paper investigates the impact of financial shocks on labor market fluctuations with financial frictions in the Iranian economy. Labor market reaches equilibrium via a search and matching process. For this purpose, a model of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) is designated for the Iranian economy and its parameters are estimated using Bayesian methods. Results show that a negative financial shock increases unemployment. In addition, financial frictions play an important role in amplifying the effects of financial shocks on unemployment.

barter contract is the method of conditional import of goods or services for exporting them and their exchange instead payment of foreign exchange. Based on new international trade agreements, barter agreements are not included in the jurisprudence discussion; however, there is the same legal entity for the nature and description of barter trade in jurisprudence and domestic law. This article, with study in same legal entity, also refers to the jurisprudence which justifies this problem and concludes that one of the contracts listed in article 10 of the civil code is sufficient for necessary and validity of the contracts. On the other hand, with regard to the nature of barter contracts, it can be referred that descriptions such as common purpose, a composite contract, necessity, unconditional and valuable consideration as the same descriptions in barter contracts.

Exchange of goods with goods or supplies Although the long-standing method is in trade, today, new and emerging networks of national and international networks have found a special place. Aiding economic boom, confronting monetary sanctions, maintaining foreign exchange reserves, maintaining labor force, etc. is one of the benefits of modern markets. Given the widespread presence of these markets, proper management to balance the market, reduce costs, reduce the risk of entry into a network, etc., requires a thorough and math-molded modeling. In this paper, a multipurpose mathematical optimization problem has been designed and implemented with the aim of reducing the costs and liabilities of countries by considering a government-run network of several countries as members of the network to supply the goods needed by each country. The results of solving the proposed model show that the proposed model can provide a suitable model for the production and exchange of goods between the countries forming a public government network.

Shirā ’ is one of the most important economic exchanges in Arabian Peninsula at the age of revelation of the Holy Qur’ an. Taking critical approach towards the idea of synonymy between Shirā ’ and other economic exchanges like Bayʿ and Tijā ra, this essay identifies its unique entity and functions. According to evidences, Shirā ’ denotes the direct exchange of goods for each other without the medium of money. Moreover, linguistic evidences indicate two origins for the term "Shirā ’ " merged with each other throughout a linguistic contact. Therefore, "Shirā ’ " signifies a special type of barter exchange which is described by economic anthropologists as "zero-sum game barter". These results have been strengthened by (a) anthropological data on barters, (b) environmental data on Arabian Peninsula, and (c) Qur’ anic usages of this term. Eventually, the reason for metaphorical usages of this term in the Holy Qur’ an is also examined.

The knowledge-based economy is considered as one of the important concepts that has been given special attention in the above-mentioned legal documents of the I. R. Iran, including the general policies of the Resistive economy. Knowledge-based economy is a basic need for developing countries such as Iran. Avoiding a knowledge-based economy greatly reduces competitiveness. Economics based on science and knowledge leads to the sustainable growth and development of society and ultimately the realization of a Resistive economy. Due to the importance of knowledge-based economy in the development of the country, the purpose of this study is to "study the current and favorable situation of Iran's economy based on knowledge-based economy-Resistive economy". The type of research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose. Also, in order to determine the current and favorable situation of Iran's economy based on knowledge-based economy-Resistive economy, a questionnaire was developed and analyzed using SPSS software and inferential statistics. The results showed that the situation of the variables "economic and institutional regime", " Information and communication technology" and " Resistive economy" in Iran in general does not have the desired average. However, the results show that the variables " educated and skilled population" and " innovation system " in Iran have a favorable average. To show the gap between the current and favorable situation of knowledge-based economy-Resistive economy variables in Iran, two-sample t-test was used, which according to the results, there is a significant difference between the current and favorable situation of all variables.

Two theories have prevailed in the economic literature about the origins of money. According to the commodity theory of money, money has spontaneously emerged from the barter economy. In credit theory of money, since money is defined as an abstract unit of measurement, the origin of money coincides with the origin of writing. Credit money theory shows that the first standardized money of account emerged from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece due to the need for accounting records of payments and receipts of the central institution (government-temple). Once the general unit of account is established, credits and liabilities can be called in monetary units, thus we can reach the historical origins of money. This paper uses analytical-descriptive and documentary research methods to explain the incorrect reasons of the commodity theory of money. Eventually, the origin of money is expressed from the point of view of the credit theory of money.JEL Classification: E40, B52, N00, N10, N20

In this study, the influence of the fungus Coriolus versicolor on the durability of sapwood and heartwood of Poplar (Populus deltoides) in natural state and treated with CCA (Copper/Chromium/Arsenic) was evaluated. CCA is a kind of water borne preservatives which was used in this study for treating specimens under vacuum and pressure (Bethel procedure) at 3 percent concentration. In order to conduct this evaluation, Kolleschale method according to DIN 52176 and B.S. 838: 1961 was used in a completely randomized block design. Specimens were contaminated with cultured fungus for fourteen weeks (24°C, 75% relative humidity). After this period, weight reduction, Compressive strength (Parallel to grain) and hardness of specimens were measured. Weight reduction of heartwood was higher than sapwood and that of control samples were much higher than treated ones. Compressive strength (Parallel to grain) of sapwood was higher than heartwood and that of treated samples higher than control samples but regardless of influence of fungus, CCA reduced the compressive strength. There was no significant difference between the hardness of sapwood and heartwood, but hardness of samples was higher than control samples but regardless of fungus, CCA increased the hardness.

Purpose A major part of the preparation and allocation of credits in Iran's economy is done by the banking system in the form of exchange contracts, Qarz al- Hasaneh, partnerships and investments. During the last few years, the economic conditions (due to the increase in the inflation rate) have caused credit and liquidity risks and as a result instability in the banking system of Iran. Any non-repayment loan reduces the bank's profits and equity and may lead to bank failure if the bank is unable to pay its debts. The interest rate of loan and exchange contracts is determined by the central bank as a mandate and lower than the inflation rate. Mandatory determination of the interest rate of loan and barter contracts and the increase in the inflation rate have increased the risk and instability of the Iranian banking system. The stability of the financial system and, consequently, the banking system in each country is largely dependent on the activities of macroeconomic and economic development and evolution. In this research, the effect of credit risk and liquidity of barter contracts and Qarz Al-Hasaneh on the stability of Iran's banking system has been investigated....

Economic globalization consists of four fields of production, investment and trade and finance globalization. These conditions, in a theoretical framework of complicated mutual dependency, explains the interwove interests of countries in the post-national, national and trans-national levels which includes governmental and non-governmental actors and consequently defines countries national interests a long with integration and correlation with other countries interests. In this regard, the main question of this article is that in terms of these conditions, what are the elements have to be considered in interaction with the international field, while it is to choose the resistant economy strategy in Iran? The result shows that the Islamic Republic of Iran, in order to realized the resistant economy in lesser cost, she has to emphasize on her strength points and relative and competitive priorities in interaction with world economy. In this case, the cost of sanctions and military threat towards Iran increases and the national interest and security of other countries take the same direction as Iran’s national interests and security. It is due to the fact that the country’s strategic weak points of economy remain safe of any threat.